Executive SummaryClosed-loop Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) represents a profound evolution within bioelectronic medicine, transitioning from static, pre-programmed therapies to adaptive, personalised interventions. This advanced approach integrates real-time physiological data with sophisticated algorithms, including artificial intelligence, to deliver precise and responsive neuromodulation. While building upon the established efficacy of traditional VNS in conditions such as drug-resistant […]
